Abdulwahid, S. H. and Mahdi, A. A. (2023). Studying the environmental changes using remote sensing data and NDVI techniques in Iraq. Iraqi J. Environ. Sci. 19: 88–98.
Akbari, M., Memarian, H., Neamatollahi, E., Jafari Shalamzari, M., Alizadeh Noughani, M. and Zakeri, D. (2021). Prioritizing policies and strategies for desertification risk management using MCDM-DPSIR approach in northeastern Iran. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 23: doi.org/10. 1007/s10668-020-00684-3.
Alsalam, O., Almaamouri, A. B. D. and Al-Bayati, M. A. L. (2026). Soil evolution response using geochemical weathering ındicators in different climates (a Scientific review). Jordan J. Earth Environ. Sci. 17: 56-62.
Alsalam, O., Isa, H. A., Al-Bayati, M. A. L. and Alserae, H. (2025). Topographic effect on the total oxides distribution of calcareous soils in northern Iraq. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 38: 162-74. doi.org/ 10.17582/journal.pjar/2025/38.2.162.174.
Alsalam, O., Şeker, C., and Dedeoğlu, M. (2020). Quantifying the role of chemical weathering rates on soil developed along an altitudinal transect in the mountainous environments, Turkey. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 9: 140-50. doi:10.18393/ejss.689428.
An, X., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Xu, S., Zhang, S., Liu, H. and Wang, X. (2022). Effect and mechanism of the improvement of coastal silt soil by application of organic fertilizer and gravel combined with Sesbania cannabina cultivation. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi.org/ 10.3389/fpls.2022.1092089.
Badapalli, P. K., Nakkala, A. B., Padma Sree Pujari, P. S., Gugulothu, S., Ullengula, M. and Senthamizhselvan, S. (2025). Advanced geospatial modeling and assessment of land degradation severity zones in India’s semi‑arid regions. Environ. Monit. Assess. 197: doi. org/10.1007/s10661-025-13875-0.
Basso, B., De Simone, L., Cammarano, D., Martin, C. E., Margiotta, S., Grace, R. P., Yeh, M. L. and Chou, T. Y. (2012). Evaluating responses to land degradation mitigation measures in Southern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. 6: 367-80.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agron. J. 43: 434-38. doi:10.17582/journal.pjar/2025/38.2.162.174.
Esetlili, M. T., Bektas, B. F., Balik, S. F., Ustuner, M., Kalkan, K., Goksel, C., Gazioglu, C. and Kurucu, Y. (2018). Comparison of object and pixel- Based classification for mapping crops using rapideye imagery: A case study of Menemen Plain, Turkey. Int. J. Environ. Geoinformatics 5: 231-43.
Fryrear, D. W., Bilboro, J. D., Saleh, A., Schomberg, H. M., Stout, J. E. and Zobeck., T. M. (2000). RWEG: Improved wind erosion technology. J. Soil Water Conser. 55: 183-89.
Geeson, N., Kirkby, M. and Kosmas, C. (1999). The Medalus project: Mediterranean desertification and land use. Manual on key indicators of desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification. eBook, UNCCD Library.
Ghid, Y. S. A. and Hamad, A. I. (2024). Assessment of the environmental sensitivity of desertification in southern Iraq, Al-Samawa Badia using GIS and RS techniques. Iraqi J. Agric. Sci. 55: 1139-46.
Grilli, E., Carvalho, S. C., Chiti, T., Coppola, E., D’Ascoli, R., La Mantia, T. and Castaldi, S. (2021). Critical range of soil organic carbon in Southern Europe lands under desertification risk. J. Environ. Manag. 287: doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2021.112285.
Hesse, P. R. (1971). A textbook of soil chemical Analysis. Chemical Publishing Company – Science. pp. 461-76.
Jackson, M. L. (1958). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall IncEnglewood, Cliffs, N.J., USA.
Kaya, N. S., Özkan, B., Dengiz, O. and Demirağ Turan, İ. (2022). Digital mapping and spatial variability of soil quality index for desertification in the Akarçay basin under the semi-arid terrestrial ecosystem using neutrosophic fuzzy-AHP approach. Nat. Hazards 112: 2101-32. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05258-2.
Kodavic, R., Yousef, A. M. B., Veljko, P., Snezana, B. S., Mirjana, T., Sonja, S., Milosav, A., Dragan, M. and Una, D. (2016). Land sensitivity analysis of degradation using MEDALUS model: Case study of Deliblato Sands, Serbia. Arch. Environ. Prot. 42: 114-24.
Kumar, A., Das, A, Singh, D., Das, M. K., Srivastava, G. P., Singh, J. P., Tilgam, J., Thapa, S., Das, S. and Chakdar, H. (2023). Soil health restoration in degraded lands: A microbiological perspective. Land Degrad. Dev. 34: 5155-70. doi:10.1002/ldr.4851
Kumar, B. P., Babu, K. R., Anusha, B. N. and Rajaskhar, M. (2022). Geo-environmental monitoring and assessment of land degradation and desertification in the semi-arid regions using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, LST and NDVI approach. Environ. Challeng. 8: doi.org/10. 1016/j. envc.2022.100578.
Li, T., Cui, L., Filipovic, V., Tang, C. and Lai, Y. (2025) From soil health to agricultural productivity: The crucial role of soil constraints management. CATENA 250: doi:10.1016/j.catena.2025.108776.
Liu, J., Li, Z. and Ren, Y. (2023). Land use change and its impacts on soil degradation in the Loess Plateau, China: A 30-year assessment. Land Degrad. Dev. 34: 749-62
Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part II. Chemical and microbiological properties. Am. Soc. Agron., Inc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Reitsma, F., Reynolds, J. F. and Stafford Smith, D. M. (2011). Desertification and land degradation. In F. Reitsma, J. F. Reynolds and D. M. Stafford Smith (Eds.), Land degradation and desertification: assessment, mitigation and remediation. Springer. pp. 1-21. doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8657-01.
Salvucci, A., M’barek, A. B., Marletto, V. and Lamaddalena, N. (2023). Impact of agricultural management on salts accumulation in dryland soils of central Tunisia. Italian J. Agron. 18: 109-17.
Sari, N. M., Tito, L. I. and Dony, K. (2022) Urban Vegetation Quality Assessment using vegetation index and leaf area index from spot 7 data with fuzzy logic algorithm. Int. J. on Adv. Sci. Engg. Inform. Technol. 12: 738-46.
Singh, A. and Rawat, R. S. (2021) Soil degradation and restoration: A review of bio-physical factors and techniques for sustainable soil management. In Recent trends in biodiversity and environmental science. Anvil Books and Publishers. pp. 199-211.
Soil Survey Staff (2004). Soil survey laboratory methods manual, Soil survey investigations report. Lincoln, NE, USA.
Soil Survey Staff (2022) Keys to Soil Taxonomy (13th ed.) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USA.
Turan, D., Dengiz, O. and Özkan, B. (2019). Spatial assessment and mapping of soil quality index for desertification in the semi-arid terrestrial ecosystem using MCDM in interval type-2 fuzzy environment. Comput. Electron. Agric. 164: doi.org/10.1016/j. compag.2019.104933.
USDA (2006) Soil Survey Staff. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. NRCS Ninth edition Washington, USA.
Warren, A. (2002). Land degradation is contextual. Land Degrad. Dev. 13: 449-59. doi.org/10.1002/ldr.532.
Akbari, M., Memarian, H., Neamatollahi, E., Jafari Shalamzari, M., Alizadeh Noughani, M. and Zakeri, D. (2021). Prioritizing policies and strategies for desertification risk management using MCDM-DPSIR approach in northeastern Iran. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 23: doi.org/10. 1007/s10668-020-00684-3.
Alsalam, O., Almaamouri, A. B. D. and Al-Bayati, M. A. L. (2026). Soil evolution response using geochemical weathering ındicators in different climates (a Scientific review). Jordan J. Earth Environ. Sci. 17: 56-62.
Alsalam, O., Isa, H. A., Al-Bayati, M. A. L. and Alserae, H. (2025). Topographic effect on the total oxides distribution of calcareous soils in northern Iraq. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 38: 162-74. doi.org/ 10.17582/journal.pjar/2025/38.2.162.174.
Alsalam, O., Şeker, C., and Dedeoğlu, M. (2020). Quantifying the role of chemical weathering rates on soil developed along an altitudinal transect in the mountainous environments, Turkey. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 9: 140-50. doi:10.18393/ejss.689428.
An, X., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Xu, S., Zhang, S., Liu, H. and Wang, X. (2022). Effect and mechanism of the improvement of coastal silt soil by application of organic fertilizer and gravel combined with Sesbania cannabina cultivation. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi.org/ 10.3389/fpls.2022.1092089.
Badapalli, P. K., Nakkala, A. B., Padma Sree Pujari, P. S., Gugulothu, S., Ullengula, M. and Senthamizhselvan, S. (2025). Advanced geospatial modeling and assessment of land degradation severity zones in India’s semi‑arid regions. Environ. Monit. Assess. 197: doi. org/10.1007/s10661-025-13875-0.
Basso, B., De Simone, L., Cammarano, D., Martin, C. E., Margiotta, S., Grace, R. P., Yeh, M. L. and Chou, T. Y. (2012). Evaluating responses to land degradation mitigation measures in Southern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. 6: 367-80.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agron. J. 43: 434-38. doi:10.17582/journal.pjar/2025/38.2.162.174.
Esetlili, M. T., Bektas, B. F., Balik, S. F., Ustuner, M., Kalkan, K., Goksel, C., Gazioglu, C. and Kurucu, Y. (2018). Comparison of object and pixel- Based classification for mapping crops using rapideye imagery: A case study of Menemen Plain, Turkey. Int. J. Environ. Geoinformatics 5: 231-43.
Fryrear, D. W., Bilboro, J. D., Saleh, A., Schomberg, H. M., Stout, J. E. and Zobeck., T. M. (2000). RWEG: Improved wind erosion technology. J. Soil Water Conser. 55: 183-89.
Geeson, N., Kirkby, M. and Kosmas, C. (1999). The Medalus project: Mediterranean desertification and land use. Manual on key indicators of desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification. eBook, UNCCD Library.
Ghid, Y. S. A. and Hamad, A. I. (2024). Assessment of the environmental sensitivity of desertification in southern Iraq, Al-Samawa Badia using GIS and RS techniques. Iraqi J. Agric. Sci. 55: 1139-46.
Grilli, E., Carvalho, S. C., Chiti, T., Coppola, E., D’Ascoli, R., La Mantia, T. and Castaldi, S. (2021). Critical range of soil organic carbon in Southern Europe lands under desertification risk. J. Environ. Manag. 287: doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2021.112285.
Hesse, P. R. (1971). A textbook of soil chemical Analysis. Chemical Publishing Company – Science. pp. 461-76.
Jackson, M. L. (1958). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall IncEnglewood, Cliffs, N.J., USA.
Kaya, N. S., Özkan, B., Dengiz, O. and Demirağ Turan, İ. (2022). Digital mapping and spatial variability of soil quality index for desertification in the Akarçay basin under the semi-arid terrestrial ecosystem using neutrosophic fuzzy-AHP approach. Nat. Hazards 112: 2101-32. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05258-2.
Kodavic, R., Yousef, A. M. B., Veljko, P., Snezana, B. S., Mirjana, T., Sonja, S., Milosav, A., Dragan, M. and Una, D. (2016). Land sensitivity analysis of degradation using MEDALUS model: Case study of Deliblato Sands, Serbia. Arch. Environ. Prot. 42: 114-24.
Kumar, A., Das, A, Singh, D., Das, M. K., Srivastava, G. P., Singh, J. P., Tilgam, J., Thapa, S., Das, S. and Chakdar, H. (2023). Soil health restoration in degraded lands: A microbiological perspective. Land Degrad. Dev. 34: 5155-70. doi:10.1002/ldr.4851
Kumar, B. P., Babu, K. R., Anusha, B. N. and Rajaskhar, M. (2022). Geo-environmental monitoring and assessment of land degradation and desertification in the semi-arid regions using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, LST and NDVI approach. Environ. Challeng. 8: doi.org/10. 1016/j. envc.2022.100578.
Li, T., Cui, L., Filipovic, V., Tang, C. and Lai, Y. (2025) From soil health to agricultural productivity: The crucial role of soil constraints management. CATENA 250: doi:10.1016/j.catena.2025.108776.
Liu, J., Li, Z. and Ren, Y. (2023). Land use change and its impacts on soil degradation in the Loess Plateau, China: A 30-year assessment. Land Degrad. Dev. 34: 749-62
Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R. (1982). Methods of soil analysis. Part II. Chemical and microbiological properties. Am. Soc. Agron., Inc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Reitsma, F., Reynolds, J. F. and Stafford Smith, D. M. (2011). Desertification and land degradation. In F. Reitsma, J. F. Reynolds and D. M. Stafford Smith (Eds.), Land degradation and desertification: assessment, mitigation and remediation. Springer. pp. 1-21. doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8657-01.
Salvucci, A., M’barek, A. B., Marletto, V. and Lamaddalena, N. (2023). Impact of agricultural management on salts accumulation in dryland soils of central Tunisia. Italian J. Agron. 18: 109-17.
Sari, N. M., Tito, L. I. and Dony, K. (2022) Urban Vegetation Quality Assessment using vegetation index and leaf area index from spot 7 data with fuzzy logic algorithm. Int. J. on Adv. Sci. Engg. Inform. Technol. 12: 738-46.
Singh, A. and Rawat, R. S. (2021) Soil degradation and restoration: A review of bio-physical factors and techniques for sustainable soil management. In Recent trends in biodiversity and environmental science. Anvil Books and Publishers. pp. 199-211.
Soil Survey Staff (2004). Soil survey laboratory methods manual, Soil survey investigations report. Lincoln, NE, USA.
Soil Survey Staff (2022) Keys to Soil Taxonomy (13th ed.) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USA.
Turan, D., Dengiz, O. and Özkan, B. (2019). Spatial assessment and mapping of soil quality index for desertification in the semi-arid terrestrial ecosystem using MCDM in interval type-2 fuzzy environment. Comput. Electron. Agric. 164: doi.org/10.1016/j. compag.2019.104933.
USDA (2006) Soil Survey Staff. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. NRCS Ninth edition Washington, USA.
Warren, A. (2002). Land degradation is contextual. Land Degrad. Dev. 13: 449-59. doi.org/10.1002/ldr.532.
