Abdelaal, K., Alsubeie, M. S., Hafez, Y., Emeran, A., Moghanm, F., Okasha, S., Omara, R., Basahi, M. A., Darwish, D. B. E., Ibrahim, M. F., El-Yazied, A. A., Rashwan, E. A., Elkelish, A., Mady, M. A. and Ibraheem, F. (2022). Physiological and biochemical changes in vegetable and field crops under drought, salinity and weeds stresses: control strategies and management. Agriculture 12: doi:10.3390/agriculture12122084.
Ahmad, I., Zhu, G., Zhou, G., Younas, M. U., Suliman, M. S. E., Liu, J., Zhu, Y. M. and Salih, E. G. I. (2023). Integrated approaches for increasing plant yield under salt stress. Front. Plant Sci. 14: doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1215343.
Ali, S., Abbas, Z., Seleiman, M. F., Rizwan, M., Yavas, I., Alhammad, B. A., Shami, A., Hasanuzzaman, M. and Kalderis, D. (2020). Glycine betaine accumulation, significance and interests for heavy metal tolerance in plants. Plants 9: doi:10.3390/plants9070896.
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24: doi:10.1104/pp.24.1.1.
Ashraf, M., Athar, H. R., Harris, P. J. C. and Kwon, T. R. (2008). Some prospective strategies for improving crop salt tolerance. Adv. Agron. 97: 45-110.
Babaei, M., Shabani, L. and Hashemi-Shahraki, S. (2022). Improving the effects of salt stress by β-carotene and gallic acid using increasing antioxidant activity and regulating ion uptake in Lepidium sativum L. Bot. Stud. 63: doi:10.1186/s40529-022-00352-x.
Balasubramaniam, T., Shen, G., Esmaeili, N. and Zhang, H. (2023). Plants’ response mechanisms to salinity stress. Plants 12: doi:10.3390/plants12122253.
Bhattarai, K. and Bhattarai, B. (2024). Mechanism of DNA methylation and its role in biotic and abiotic stress response in plants: A review. Farm. Manage. 6: 39-46.
Bouazzi, A., Bouallegue, A., Kharrat, M., Abbes, Z. and Horchani, F. (2024). Seed priming with gallic acid and hydrogen peroxide as a smart approach to mitigate salt stress in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) at the germination stage. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 71: doi:10.1134/S1021443724605354.
Dong, X., Ma, X., Zhao, Z. and Ma, M. (2024). Exogenous betaine enhances salt tolerance of Glycyrrhiza uralensis through multiple pathways. BMC Plant Biol. 24: doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04851-w.
Ehtaiwwesh, A. F. and Emsahel, M. J. (2020). Impact of salinity stress on germination and growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Al-Mukhtar J. Sci. 35: 146-59.
Firdoos, A., Guleria, P. and Kumar, V. (2025). Effect of sodium chloride mediated salt stress on seedling vigour and growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown in hydroponics. Res. Crop. 26: 116-23.
Fu, M., Liu, L., Fu, B., Hou, M., Xiao, Y., Liu, Y., Sa, D. and Lu, Q. (2025). Effects of salt stress on plant and rhizosphere bacterial communities, interaction patterns, and functions. Front. Plant Sci.15: doi:10.1134/s1021443724605354.
Kanwal, R., Maqsood, M.F., Shahbaz, M., Naz, N., Zulfiqar, U., Ali, M.F., Jamil, M., Khalid, F., Ali, Q., Sabir, M. A., and Chaudhary, T., Ali, H. M. and Alsakkaf, W. A. A. (2024). Exogenous ascorbic acid as a potent regulator of antioxidants, osmo-protectants, and lipid peroxidation in pea under salt stress. BMC Plant Biol. 24: doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04947-3.
Khan, M. A. H., Baset Mia, M. A., Quddus, M. A., Sarker, K. K., Rahman, M., Skalicky, M., Brestic, M., Gaber, A., Alsuhaibani, A. M. and Hossain, A. (2022). Salinity-induced physiological changes in pea (Pisum sativum L.): Germination rate, biomass accumulation, relative water content, seedling vigor and salt tolerance index. Plants 11: doi:10.3390/plants11243493.
Kiruthiga, N., Dhanapal, S., Devi, L. A., Arc, C. D. J. O., Begum, A. B. S. and Saravanan, K. (2025). Exogenous ascorbic acid priming for mitigation of salinity stress in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cv. Indira Soy. Crop Res. 60: 18-27.
Li, Q., Jiang, N., Mei, X., Zu, Y., Li, Z., Qin, L. and Li, B. (2022). Effects of lime and oxalic acid on antioxidant enzymes and active components of Panax notoginseng under cadmium stress. Sci. Rep. 12: doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15280-w.
Lichtenthaler, H. K. and Wellburn, A. R. (1983). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b of leaf extract in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 11: 591-92.
Menzi, P., Nkomo, M., Keyster, M. and Klein, A. (2018). Gallic acid regulates physiological and biochemical responses of soybean plants under salt stress. S. Afr. J. Bot. 115: doi:10.1016/ j.sajb.2018.02.170.
Mousavi, A., Pourakbar, L. and Moghaddam, S. S. (2022). Effects of malic acid and EDTA on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) exposed to cadmium stress. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 248: doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114320.
Pandit, K., Kaur, S., Kumar, M., Bhardwaj, R. and Kaur, S. (2024). Salinity stress: Impact on plant growth. In: Environmental Challenges in Attaining Food Security (Eds. Sharma, A., Kumar, M. and Sharma, P). 9: 145-60.
Popova, A. V., Borisova, P. and Vasilev, D. (2023). Response of pea plants (Pisum sativum cv. Ran 1) to NaCl treatment in regard to membrane stability and photosynthetic activity. Plants 12: doi:10.3390/plants12020324.
Rahman, A., Alam, M. U., Hossain, M. S., Mahmud, J. A., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2022). Exogenous gallic acid confers salt tolerance in rice seedlings: Modulation of ion homeostasis, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Agronomy 13: doi:10.3390/agronomy13010016.
Shahid, M. A., Pervez, M. A., Balal, R. M., Ayyub, C. M., Ghazanfar, U., Abbas, T., Rashid, A., Garcia-Sanchez, F., Mattson, N. S. and Akram, A. (2011). Effect of salt stress on growth, gas exchange attributes and chlorophyll contents of pea (Pisum sativum). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6: 5808-16.
Shao, Q., Ren, L., Ramzan, M., Hussain, M. B., Datta, R., Almoallim, H. S., Ansari, M. J. and Ehsan, A. (2024). Combined effect of gallic acid and zinc ferrite nanoparticles on wheat growth and yield under salinity stress. Sci. Rep. 14: doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63175-9.
Turner, N. C. (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant Soil 58: 339-66.
Xu, K., Sun, X., Sun, C., Wang, Y., Zhu, H., Xu, W. and Feng, D. (2025). Enhanced salt tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seedlings illuminated by LED red light. Horticulturae 11: doi:10.3390/horticulturae11020150.
Zheng, Y., Li, Z., Tan, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Hu, J., Yang, Z. and Chen, Y. (2025). Iron (II)-EDTA alleviate salinity injury through regulating ion balance in halophyte Seashore paspalum. Grass Res. 5: doi:10.48130/grares-0024-0029.
Ahmad, I., Zhu, G., Zhou, G., Younas, M. U., Suliman, M. S. E., Liu, J., Zhu, Y. M. and Salih, E. G. I. (2023). Integrated approaches for increasing plant yield under salt stress. Front. Plant Sci. 14: doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1215343.
Ali, S., Abbas, Z., Seleiman, M. F., Rizwan, M., Yavas, I., Alhammad, B. A., Shami, A., Hasanuzzaman, M. and Kalderis, D. (2020). Glycine betaine accumulation, significance and interests for heavy metal tolerance in plants. Plants 9: doi:10.3390/plants9070896.
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 24: doi:10.1104/pp.24.1.1.
Ashraf, M., Athar, H. R., Harris, P. J. C. and Kwon, T. R. (2008). Some prospective strategies for improving crop salt tolerance. Adv. Agron. 97: 45-110.
Babaei, M., Shabani, L. and Hashemi-Shahraki, S. (2022). Improving the effects of salt stress by β-carotene and gallic acid using increasing antioxidant activity and regulating ion uptake in Lepidium sativum L. Bot. Stud. 63: doi:10.1186/s40529-022-00352-x.
Balasubramaniam, T., Shen, G., Esmaeili, N. and Zhang, H. (2023). Plants’ response mechanisms to salinity stress. Plants 12: doi:10.3390/plants12122253.
Bhattarai, K. and Bhattarai, B. (2024). Mechanism of DNA methylation and its role in biotic and abiotic stress response in plants: A review. Farm. Manage. 6: 39-46.
Bouazzi, A., Bouallegue, A., Kharrat, M., Abbes, Z. and Horchani, F. (2024). Seed priming with gallic acid and hydrogen peroxide as a smart approach to mitigate salt stress in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) at the germination stage. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 71: doi:10.1134/S1021443724605354.
Dong, X., Ma, X., Zhao, Z. and Ma, M. (2024). Exogenous betaine enhances salt tolerance of Glycyrrhiza uralensis through multiple pathways. BMC Plant Biol. 24: doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04851-w.
Ehtaiwwesh, A. F. and Emsahel, M. J. (2020). Impact of salinity stress on germination and growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Al-Mukhtar J. Sci. 35: 146-59.
Firdoos, A., Guleria, P. and Kumar, V. (2025). Effect of sodium chloride mediated salt stress on seedling vigour and growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown in hydroponics. Res. Crop. 26: 116-23.
Fu, M., Liu, L., Fu, B., Hou, M., Xiao, Y., Liu, Y., Sa, D. and Lu, Q. (2025). Effects of salt stress on plant and rhizosphere bacterial communities, interaction patterns, and functions. Front. Plant Sci.15: doi:10.1134/s1021443724605354.
Kanwal, R., Maqsood, M.F., Shahbaz, M., Naz, N., Zulfiqar, U., Ali, M.F., Jamil, M., Khalid, F., Ali, Q., Sabir, M. A., and Chaudhary, T., Ali, H. M. and Alsakkaf, W. A. A. (2024). Exogenous ascorbic acid as a potent regulator of antioxidants, osmo-protectants, and lipid peroxidation in pea under salt stress. BMC Plant Biol. 24: doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04947-3.
Khan, M. A. H., Baset Mia, M. A., Quddus, M. A., Sarker, K. K., Rahman, M., Skalicky, M., Brestic, M., Gaber, A., Alsuhaibani, A. M. and Hossain, A. (2022). Salinity-induced physiological changes in pea (Pisum sativum L.): Germination rate, biomass accumulation, relative water content, seedling vigor and salt tolerance index. Plants 11: doi:10.3390/plants11243493.
Kiruthiga, N., Dhanapal, S., Devi, L. A., Arc, C. D. J. O., Begum, A. B. S. and Saravanan, K. (2025). Exogenous ascorbic acid priming for mitigation of salinity stress in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cv. Indira Soy. Crop Res. 60: 18-27.
Li, Q., Jiang, N., Mei, X., Zu, Y., Li, Z., Qin, L. and Li, B. (2022). Effects of lime and oxalic acid on antioxidant enzymes and active components of Panax notoginseng under cadmium stress. Sci. Rep. 12: doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15280-w.
Lichtenthaler, H. K. and Wellburn, A. R. (1983). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b of leaf extract in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 11: 591-92.
Menzi, P., Nkomo, M., Keyster, M. and Klein, A. (2018). Gallic acid regulates physiological and biochemical responses of soybean plants under salt stress. S. Afr. J. Bot. 115: doi:10.1016/ j.sajb.2018.02.170.
Mousavi, A., Pourakbar, L. and Moghaddam, S. S. (2022). Effects of malic acid and EDTA on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) exposed to cadmium stress. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 248: doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114320.
Pandit, K., Kaur, S., Kumar, M., Bhardwaj, R. and Kaur, S. (2024). Salinity stress: Impact on plant growth. In: Environmental Challenges in Attaining Food Security (Eds. Sharma, A., Kumar, M. and Sharma, P). 9: 145-60.
Popova, A. V., Borisova, P. and Vasilev, D. (2023). Response of pea plants (Pisum sativum cv. Ran 1) to NaCl treatment in regard to membrane stability and photosynthetic activity. Plants 12: doi:10.3390/plants12020324.
Rahman, A., Alam, M. U., Hossain, M. S., Mahmud, J. A., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. and Hasanuzzaman, M. (2022). Exogenous gallic acid confers salt tolerance in rice seedlings: Modulation of ion homeostasis, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Agronomy 13: doi:10.3390/agronomy13010016.
Shahid, M. A., Pervez, M. A., Balal, R. M., Ayyub, C. M., Ghazanfar, U., Abbas, T., Rashid, A., Garcia-Sanchez, F., Mattson, N. S. and Akram, A. (2011). Effect of salt stress on growth, gas exchange attributes and chlorophyll contents of pea (Pisum sativum). Afr. J. Agric. Res. 6: 5808-16.
Shao, Q., Ren, L., Ramzan, M., Hussain, M. B., Datta, R., Almoallim, H. S., Ansari, M. J. and Ehsan, A. (2024). Combined effect of gallic acid and zinc ferrite nanoparticles on wheat growth and yield under salinity stress. Sci. Rep. 14: doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63175-9.
Turner, N. C. (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant Soil 58: 339-66.
Xu, K., Sun, X., Sun, C., Wang, Y., Zhu, H., Xu, W. and Feng, D. (2025). Enhanced salt tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seedlings illuminated by LED red light. Horticulturae 11: doi:10.3390/horticulturae11020150.
Zheng, Y., Li, Z., Tan, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Hu, J., Yang, Z. and Chen, Y. (2025). Iron (II)-EDTA alleviate salinity injury through regulating ion balance in halophyte Seashore paspalum. Grass Res. 5: doi:10.48130/grares-0024-0029.
