Abubakar, A., Ishak, M. Y., Aisyah, A. B., Uddin, M. K. and Ahmad, M. H. (2022). Assessing the suitability of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) production in Peninsular Malaysia based on soil, climate and land use. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 21: doi:10.46488/NEPT. 2022.v21i05.010.
Al Manar, P., Hikmat, A. and Zuhud, E. A. M. (2023). The role of Leguminosae plants for soil fertility in oil palm plantations. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1243: doi:10.1088/ 1755-1315/1243/1/012016.
Amirruddin, A. D., Muharam, F. M., Paing, T. N., Karam Singh, D. S. and Yusoff, M. M. (2017). Nitrogen effects on growth and spectral characteristics of immature and mature oil palms. Asian J. Plant Sci. 16: 200-10.
Ashraf, M., Sanusi, R., Zulkifli, R., Tohiran, K. A., Moslim, R., Ashton-Butt, A. and Azhar, B. (2019). Alley-cropping system increases vegetation heterogeneity and moderates extreme microclimates in oil palm plantations. Agric. For. Meteorol. 276-77: doi:10.1016/ j.agrformet.2019.107632.
Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). Buku Statistik Perkebunan Jilid I 2022-2024 [Plantation Statistics Book Volume I 2022-2024]. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Behera, S. K., Suresh, K., Rao, B. N., Ramachandrudu, K., Manorama, K. and Harinarayana, P. (2017). Soil fertility and yield-limiting nutrients in oil palm plantations of north-eastern state Mizoram of India. J. Plant Nutr. 40: 1165-71.
Dilipkumar, M., Chuah, T. S., Goh, S. S. and Sahid, I. (2017). Weed management issues, challenges, and opportunities in Malaysia. Crop Prot. 134: doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2017. 08.016.
Dissanayake, S. M. and Palihakkara, I. R. (2019). A review on possibilities of intercropping with immature oil palm. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. 6: 23-27.
Harun, M. U., Lestari, I., Nusyirwan, N., Sodikin, E. and Irsan, C. (2019). Polikultur berbagai varietas padi gogo dengan kelapa sawit di lahan kering [Polyculture of various upland rice varieties with oil palm on dry land]. Semin. Nas. Lahan Suboptimal. pp: 52-59. (In Indonesian)
Harun, M. U., Yakup, Y., Seprila, M., Priatna, S. J., Sopiana, R. and Habibulloh, H. (2025). Performance of intercropping corn on manure oil palm plantations on dry land. J. Lahan Suboptimal 14: 38-43.
Jones, M., Woodward, R. and Stoller, J. (2015). Increasing precision in agronomic field trials using Latin square designs. Agron. J. 107: 20-24.
Khokthong, W., Zemp, D. C., Irawan, B., Sundawati, L., Kreft, H. and Hölscher, D. (2019). Drone-based assessment of canopy cover for analyzing tree mortality in an oil palm agroforest. Front. For. Glob. Change. 2: doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00012.
Khomphet, T., Eksomtramage, T., Anothai, J. and Popet, P. (2021). Effects of perennial intercrops on oil palm agronomic and yield traits. Indian J. Agric. Res. 55: 317-22.
Lubis, I. (2018). Analisis finansial dan ekonomi tanaman sela (jagung dan kedelai) pada tanaman kelapa sawit belum menghasilkan (TBM) di Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Utara [Financial and economic analysis of intercrops (maize and soybean) in immature oil palm in North Labuhan Batu Regency]. J. Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 26: 89-98. (In Indonesian)
Pardon, L., Huth, N. I., Nelson, P. N., Banabas, M., Gabrielle, B. and Bessou, C. (2017). Yield and nitrogen losses in oil palm plantations: Main drivers and management trade-offs determined using simulation. Field Crops Res. 210: 20-32.
Perez, R. P. A., Vezy, R., Bordon, R., Laisné, T., Roques, S., Rebolledo, M. C., Rouan, L., Fabre, D., Gibert, O. and De Raissac, M. (2024). Combining modeling and experimental approaches for developing rice-oil palm agroforestry systems. J. Exp. Bot. 75: 4074-92.
PT. Bakrie Sumatera Plantations (2023). Profil Varietas Unggulan Kelapa Sawit: SEU Supreme [Profile of Superior Oil Palm Variety: SEU Supreme]. Internal Technical Report, PT. Bakrie Sumatera Plantations, Jakarta, Indonesia. (In Indonesian)
Saputra, W. S. E. and Prabawayudha, E. (2022). Klimatologi Pertanian [Agricultural Climatology].
Saragih, B. (2017). Produktivitas Sumber Pertumbuhan Minyak Sawit yang Berkelanjutan [Productivity as a Source of Sustainable Palm Oil Growth]. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, Medan, Indonesia. (In Indonesian)
Schmidt, F. H. and Ferguson, J. H. A. (1951). Rainfall Types Based on Wet and Dry Period Ratios for Indonesia with Western New Guinea (Verhandelingen No. 42). Djawatan Meteorologi dan Geofisik, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Suherman, C., Maxiselly, Y., Nuraini, A. and Maulana, H. (2025). Growth characteristics and sustainability index at different development stages of immature oil palm under mono- and intercropping systems. J. Oil Palm Res. 37: 338-46.
Suherman, C., Supriatna, J., Nuraini, A. and Mubarok, S. (2024). Optimizing oil palm farming: Soil quality, fertilization and agroenvironmental performance. Res. Crop. 25: doi:10. 59797/roc.2024.v25.i02.21.
USDA (2024). Palm Oil Data Overview: 2023-2024. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA.
Wagino, W., Rauf, A., Hanum, C. and Rahmanta, R. (2024). The effect of planting distance engineering treatment on the morphophysiology and yield of soybean varieties integrated with oil palm. Biodiversitas 25: doi:10.13057/biodiv/d251034.
Yuliani, N., Sabur, A. and Napisah, K. (2021). Soybean as ground cover plant and intercrop in immature oil palm plantation. E3S Web Conf. 306: doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202130605011.
Zhang, L., Feng, Y., Zhao, Z., Cui, Z., Baoyin, B., Wang, H., Li, Q. and Cui, J. (2024). Maize/soybean intercropping with nitrogen supply levels increases maize yield and nitrogen uptake by influencing the rhizosphere bacterial diversity of soil. Front. Plant Sci. 15: doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1437631.
Zoulias, N., Harrison, E. L., Casson, S. A. and Gray, J. E. (2018). Molecular control of stomatal development. Biochem. J. 475: 441-54.
Al Manar, P., Hikmat, A. and Zuhud, E. A. M. (2023). The role of Leguminosae plants for soil fertility in oil palm plantations. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1243: doi:10.1088/ 1755-1315/1243/1/012016.
Amirruddin, A. D., Muharam, F. M., Paing, T. N., Karam Singh, D. S. and Yusoff, M. M. (2017). Nitrogen effects on growth and spectral characteristics of immature and mature oil palms. Asian J. Plant Sci. 16: 200-10.
Ashraf, M., Sanusi, R., Zulkifli, R., Tohiran, K. A., Moslim, R., Ashton-Butt, A. and Azhar, B. (2019). Alley-cropping system increases vegetation heterogeneity and moderates extreme microclimates in oil palm plantations. Agric. For. Meteorol. 276-77: doi:10.1016/ j.agrformet.2019.107632.
Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). Buku Statistik Perkebunan Jilid I 2022-2024 [Plantation Statistics Book Volume I 2022-2024]. Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Behera, S. K., Suresh, K., Rao, B. N., Ramachandrudu, K., Manorama, K. and Harinarayana, P. (2017). Soil fertility and yield-limiting nutrients in oil palm plantations of north-eastern state Mizoram of India. J. Plant Nutr. 40: 1165-71.
Dilipkumar, M., Chuah, T. S., Goh, S. S. and Sahid, I. (2017). Weed management issues, challenges, and opportunities in Malaysia. Crop Prot. 134: doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2017. 08.016.
Dissanayake, S. M. and Palihakkara, I. R. (2019). A review on possibilities of intercropping with immature oil palm. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. 6: 23-27.
Harun, M. U., Lestari, I., Nusyirwan, N., Sodikin, E. and Irsan, C. (2019). Polikultur berbagai varietas padi gogo dengan kelapa sawit di lahan kering [Polyculture of various upland rice varieties with oil palm on dry land]. Semin. Nas. Lahan Suboptimal. pp: 52-59. (In Indonesian)
Harun, M. U., Yakup, Y., Seprila, M., Priatna, S. J., Sopiana, R. and Habibulloh, H. (2025). Performance of intercropping corn on manure oil palm plantations on dry land. J. Lahan Suboptimal 14: 38-43.
Jones, M., Woodward, R. and Stoller, J. (2015). Increasing precision in agronomic field trials using Latin square designs. Agron. J. 107: 20-24.
Khokthong, W., Zemp, D. C., Irawan, B., Sundawati, L., Kreft, H. and Hölscher, D. (2019). Drone-based assessment of canopy cover for analyzing tree mortality in an oil palm agroforest. Front. For. Glob. Change. 2: doi:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00012.
Khomphet, T., Eksomtramage, T., Anothai, J. and Popet, P. (2021). Effects of perennial intercrops on oil palm agronomic and yield traits. Indian J. Agric. Res. 55: 317-22.
Lubis, I. (2018). Analisis finansial dan ekonomi tanaman sela (jagung dan kedelai) pada tanaman kelapa sawit belum menghasilkan (TBM) di Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Utara [Financial and economic analysis of intercrops (maize and soybean) in immature oil palm in North Labuhan Batu Regency]. J. Penelitian Kelapa Sawit 26: 89-98. (In Indonesian)
Pardon, L., Huth, N. I., Nelson, P. N., Banabas, M., Gabrielle, B. and Bessou, C. (2017). Yield and nitrogen losses in oil palm plantations: Main drivers and management trade-offs determined using simulation. Field Crops Res. 210: 20-32.
Perez, R. P. A., Vezy, R., Bordon, R., Laisné, T., Roques, S., Rebolledo, M. C., Rouan, L., Fabre, D., Gibert, O. and De Raissac, M. (2024). Combining modeling and experimental approaches for developing rice-oil palm agroforestry systems. J. Exp. Bot. 75: 4074-92.
PT. Bakrie Sumatera Plantations (2023). Profil Varietas Unggulan Kelapa Sawit: SEU Supreme [Profile of Superior Oil Palm Variety: SEU Supreme]. Internal Technical Report, PT. Bakrie Sumatera Plantations, Jakarta, Indonesia. (In Indonesian)
Saputra, W. S. E. and Prabawayudha, E. (2022). Klimatologi Pertanian [Agricultural Climatology].
Saragih, B. (2017). Produktivitas Sumber Pertumbuhan Minyak Sawit yang Berkelanjutan [Productivity as a Source of Sustainable Palm Oil Growth]. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, Medan, Indonesia. (In Indonesian)
Schmidt, F. H. and Ferguson, J. H. A. (1951). Rainfall Types Based on Wet and Dry Period Ratios for Indonesia with Western New Guinea (Verhandelingen No. 42). Djawatan Meteorologi dan Geofisik, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Suherman, C., Maxiselly, Y., Nuraini, A. and Maulana, H. (2025). Growth characteristics and sustainability index at different development stages of immature oil palm under mono- and intercropping systems. J. Oil Palm Res. 37: 338-46.
Suherman, C., Supriatna, J., Nuraini, A. and Mubarok, S. (2024). Optimizing oil palm farming: Soil quality, fertilization and agroenvironmental performance. Res. Crop. 25: doi:10. 59797/roc.2024.v25.i02.21.
USDA (2024). Palm Oil Data Overview: 2023-2024. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA.
Wagino, W., Rauf, A., Hanum, C. and Rahmanta, R. (2024). The effect of planting distance engineering treatment on the morphophysiology and yield of soybean varieties integrated with oil palm. Biodiversitas 25: doi:10.13057/biodiv/d251034.
Yuliani, N., Sabur, A. and Napisah, K. (2021). Soybean as ground cover plant and intercrop in immature oil palm plantation. E3S Web Conf. 306: doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202130605011.
Zhang, L., Feng, Y., Zhao, Z., Cui, Z., Baoyin, B., Wang, H., Li, Q. and Cui, J. (2024). Maize/soybean intercropping with nitrogen supply levels increases maize yield and nitrogen uptake by influencing the rhizosphere bacterial diversity of soil. Front. Plant Sci. 15: doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1437631.
Zoulias, N., Harrison, E. L., Casson, S. A. and Gray, J. E. (2018). Molecular control of stomatal development. Biochem. J. 475: 441-54.
