Alim Ali, M. A., Swain, D., Prusty, M. and Ray, M. (2025). Enhancing growth and yield in sesame through nipping, growth regulators, and foliar nutrition. Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res. 9: 267-69
Bedigian, D. (2011). Sesame: The genus Sesamum. CRC Press.
Beveridge, C. A., Rameau, C. and Wijerathna-Yapa, A. (2023). Lessons from a century of apical dominance research. J. Exp. Bot. 74: 3903-22.
Cao, D., Chabikwa, T., Barbier, F., Dun, E. A., Fichtner, F., Dong, L., Kerr, S. C. and Beveridge, C. A. (2023). Auxin‑independent effects of apical dominance induce changes in phytohormones correlated with bud outgrowth. Plant Physiol. 192: 1420-34.
Cline, M. G. (1991). Apical dominance. Bot. Rev. 57: 318-58.
De Battisti, D. (2024). Plant biomass allocation advances our understanding of plant adaptation to environmental gradients: A commentary on “Contrasting biomass allocations explain adaptations to cold and drought in the world's highest-growing angiosperms”. Ann. Bot. 134: 1-3
Debnath, A. J., Ernst, D., Harenčár, Ľ., Kučka, M., Basu, D. and Sikdar, S. R. (2025). A review on yield improvement of the important oilseed sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using biotechnology. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 19: 627-58.
Ding, R., Nóbrega, R. L. B. and Prentice, I. C. (2025). Global assessment of environmental and plant-trait influences on root: shoot biomass ratios. Glob. Change Biol. 31: doi:10.1111/gcb.70543.
Elebaid, J. I., Abdalla, S. A. and Osama, A. M. (2016). Performance evaluation of self‑propelled sesame harvesting cutter‑binder under Gedarif farming conditions, Sudan. RUFORUM Work. Doc. Ser. 14: 1085-94.
Elsafy, M., Badawi, W., Ibrahim, A., Hassan, A. B., Wang, E. S., Baillo, E. H. and Rahmatov, M. (2025). Genome‑wide association study of oil content and fatty acid composition in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under diverse environmental conditions. Crop Sci. 65: doi:10.1002/csc2.70099.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2020). FAOSTAT statistical database: Sesame seed production. FAO. https://www.fao.org/faostat/
Gao, S., Xu, D., Hu, M., Wang, R., Zhang, C., Li, W. and Zhang, L. (2025). Introduction and demonstration of mechanized harvesting technology for new sesame varieties. Agric. Eng. 15: 83-88
Geremedhin, Z. (2024). Evaluating the yield performance of released sesame varieties in Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J. Agric. Ecol. Res. Int. 25: 112-21
Gloaguen, R. M., Brym, Z. T., Peeples, J., Xu, W., Chun, H. C. and Rowland, D. L. (2022). The plasticity of early root development in Sesamum indicum L. as influenced by genotype, water, and nutrient availability. Rhizosphere 21: doi:10.1016/ j.rhisph.2021.100457.
Kean-Galeno, T., Lopez-Arredondo, D. and Herrera-Estrella, L. (2024). The shoot apical meristem: An evolutionary molding of higher plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25: doi:10.3390/ijms25031519.
Kebrom, T. H. (2017). A growing stem inhibits bud outgrowth-the overlooked theory of apical dominance. Front. Plant Sci. 8: doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01874.
Khan, M. A., Hussain, M. and Raza, A. (2020). Effect of apical bud removal on growth and yield of sesame. J. Agron. Res. 3: 45-52.
Langham, D. R., Riney, J., Aubin, J., Peeper, D., Speed, T., Smith, G. and Wiemers, T. (2010). Sesame harvest guide. Sesaco Corporation, USA.
Li, C., Barclay, H., Roitberg, B. R. and Lalonde, R. (2021). Ecology and prediction of compensatory growth: from theory to application in forestry. Front. Plant Sci. 12: doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.655417.
Lopez, G., Ahmadi, S. H., Amelung, W., Athmann, M. A., Ewert, F., Gaiser, T., Kautz, T., Postma, J., Rachmilevitch, S., Schaaf, G., Watt, M., Yu, P. and Seidel, S. J. (2023). Nutrient deficiency effects on root architecture and root-to-shoot ratio in arable crops. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1067498.
Lukurugu, G. A., Nzunda, J., Kidunda, B. R., Chilala, R., Ngamba, Z. S., Minja, A. and Kapinga, F. A. (2023). Sesame production constraints, variety traits preference in the Southeastern Tanzania: Implication for genetic improvement. J. Agric. Food Res. 14: doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100665.
Luo, Z., Janssen, B. J. and Snowden, K. C. (2021). The molecular and genetic regulation of shoot branching. Plant Physiol. 187: doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiab071.
Madhumala, K., Kumar, V. and Kumar, K. (2024). Physiology and mechanism of pruning in fruit crops. Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res. 8: 443-445.
Marini, R. P. (2024). Physiology of pruning fruit trees. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech., USA.
Mourad, K. A., Othman, Y. I. M., Kandeel, D. M. and Abdelghany, M. (2025). Assessing the drought tolerance of some sesame genotypes using agro-morphological, physiological, and drought tolerance indices. BMC Plant Biol. 25: doi:10.1186/ s12870-025-06235-0.
Oplinger, E. S., Putnam, D. H., Kaminski, A. R., Hanson, C. V., Oelke, E. A. and Doll, J. D. (1990). Sesame. Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Wisconsin‑Madison, USA.
Noutchie, S. O., Mafatle, N. E., Mbroh, N. A. and Kubayi, D. (2025). A mathematical model for insect-crop dynamics: optimizing control via pesticides and biological agents. J. Anal. Appl. 23: 19-31
Pierik, R., Fankhauser, C., Strader, L. C. and Sinha, N. (2021). Architecture and plasticity: Optimizing plant performance in dynamic environments. Plant Physiol. 187: 1029-32
Pineda, M., Yu, B. Y., Tian, Y., Morante, N. M., Salazar, S., Hyde, P. T., Setter, T. L. and Ceballos, H. (2020). Effect of pruning young branches on fruit and seed set in cassava. Front. Plant Sci. 11: doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.01107.
Pragatheeswaran, M., Thavaprakaash, N., Harisudan, C., Umarani, R., Kavitha, R. and Baskar, M. (2025). Valuating productivity and energy use efficiency in mechanized sesame cultivation. Plant Sci. Today 12: 1-13.
Rahman, Z. U., Ahmad, N., Ahmad, A., Din, H. U. and Amin, F. (2023). Assessing the adaptability of newly introduced sesame varieties. Pak. J. For. 73: 1-5.
Rasche, L. and Taylor, R. A. (2019). EPIC‐GILSYM: Modelling crop‐pest insect interactions and management with a novel coupled crop‐insect model. J. Appl. Ecol. 56: 2045-56
Rauf, S., Basharat, T., Gebeyehu, A., Elsafy, M., Rahmatov, M., Ortiz, R. and Kaya, Y. (2024). Sesame, an underutilized oil seed crop: Breeding achievements and future challenges. Plants 13: doi:10.3390/plants13182662.
Raveendran, G., Narayanan, R., Sul, J.-H. and Trotter, T. (2025). A comprehensive systematic review of precision planting mechanisation for sesame: Agronomic challenges, technological advances, and integration of simulation-based optimisation. AgriEngineering 7: doi:10.3390/agriengineering7090309.
Robinson, D. (2022). OPT-ing out: Root-shoot dynamics are caused by local resource capture and biomass allocation, not optimal partitioning. Plant Cell Environ. 46: 445-59
Rosado-Souza, L., Yokoyama, R., Sonnewald, U. and Fernie, A. R. (2023). Understanding source-sink interactions: Progress in model plants and translational research to crops. Mol. Plant 16: 96-121.
Seadh, S. E., Badawi, M. A., El‑Abady, M. I. and El‑Saidy, A. E. (2007). How varieties and harvesting dates of sesame affect seed yield and quality. J. Soil Sci. Agric. Eng. 32: doi:10.21608/jssae.2007.201811.
Sintim, H. O. and Yeboah‑Badu, V. I. (2010). Evaluation of sesame production in Ghana. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 6: 653-62.
Sintim, H. O., Ayarna, A. W., Dickson, D. and Bukari, M. (2026). The resilience status of the sesame plant against weeds and insects. Adv. Agric. 2026: doi:10.1155/aia/6695102.
Smith, M. R., Rao, I. M. and Merchant, A. (2018). Source-sink relationships in crop plants and their influence on yield development and nutritional quality. Front. Plant Sci. 9: doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01889.
Taylor, C. L. (1981). Sesame seed harvester. U.S. Patent No. 4,266,393.
Teklu, D. H., Shimelis, H. and Abady, S. (2022). Genetic improvement in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): Progress and outlook: A review. Agronomy 12: doi:10. 3390/agronomy12092144.
Topcon Precision Agriculture. (2025). Boom height control systems and precision crop management technologies.
Torres, P., Oronia, S., Sheriff, O. and Kesoju, S. R. (2023). Effect of terminal bud clipping on growth and yield of soybean cultivars in the Pacific Northwest. Agrosyst. Geosci. Environ. 6: doi:10.1002/agg2.20342.
Wang, C., Niu, J., Miao, H., Li, C., Duan, Y., Ju, M., Cao, H., Wei, L., Wang, H. and Zhang, H. (2024a). Genetic variation, correlation, and association mapping of seed yield and its component traits in sesame. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 71: 603-19
Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, X., Chen, J. and Li, Y. (2024b). Genetic improvement of yield-related traits and branching architecture in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Front. Plant Sci. 15: doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1364587.
Xue, Z., Liu, L. and Zhang, C. (2020). Regulation of shoot apical meristem and axillary meristem development in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21: doi:10.3390/ijms21082917.
Yadav, R., Kalia, S., Rangan, P., Pradheep, K., Rao, G. P., Kaur, V., Pandey, R., Rai, V., Vasimalla, C. C., Langyan, S. and Sharma, S. (2022). Current research trends and prospects for yield and quality improvement in sesame, an important oilseed crop. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.863521.
Bedigian, D. (2011). Sesame: The genus Sesamum. CRC Press.
Beveridge, C. A., Rameau, C. and Wijerathna-Yapa, A. (2023). Lessons from a century of apical dominance research. J. Exp. Bot. 74: 3903-22.
Cao, D., Chabikwa, T., Barbier, F., Dun, E. A., Fichtner, F., Dong, L., Kerr, S. C. and Beveridge, C. A. (2023). Auxin‑independent effects of apical dominance induce changes in phytohormones correlated with bud outgrowth. Plant Physiol. 192: 1420-34.
Cline, M. G. (1991). Apical dominance. Bot. Rev. 57: 318-58.
De Battisti, D. (2024). Plant biomass allocation advances our understanding of plant adaptation to environmental gradients: A commentary on “Contrasting biomass allocations explain adaptations to cold and drought in the world's highest-growing angiosperms”. Ann. Bot. 134: 1-3
Debnath, A. J., Ernst, D., Harenčár, Ľ., Kučka, M., Basu, D. and Sikdar, S. R. (2025). A review on yield improvement of the important oilseed sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using biotechnology. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 19: 627-58.
Ding, R., Nóbrega, R. L. B. and Prentice, I. C. (2025). Global assessment of environmental and plant-trait influences on root: shoot biomass ratios. Glob. Change Biol. 31: doi:10.1111/gcb.70543.
Elebaid, J. I., Abdalla, S. A. and Osama, A. M. (2016). Performance evaluation of self‑propelled sesame harvesting cutter‑binder under Gedarif farming conditions, Sudan. RUFORUM Work. Doc. Ser. 14: 1085-94.
Elsafy, M., Badawi, W., Ibrahim, A., Hassan, A. B., Wang, E. S., Baillo, E. H. and Rahmatov, M. (2025). Genome‑wide association study of oil content and fatty acid composition in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under diverse environmental conditions. Crop Sci. 65: doi:10.1002/csc2.70099.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2020). FAOSTAT statistical database: Sesame seed production. FAO. https://www.fao.org/faostat/
Gao, S., Xu, D., Hu, M., Wang, R., Zhang, C., Li, W. and Zhang, L. (2025). Introduction and demonstration of mechanized harvesting technology for new sesame varieties. Agric. Eng. 15: 83-88
Geremedhin, Z. (2024). Evaluating the yield performance of released sesame varieties in Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J. Agric. Ecol. Res. Int. 25: 112-21
Gloaguen, R. M., Brym, Z. T., Peeples, J., Xu, W., Chun, H. C. and Rowland, D. L. (2022). The plasticity of early root development in Sesamum indicum L. as influenced by genotype, water, and nutrient availability. Rhizosphere 21: doi:10.1016/ j.rhisph.2021.100457.
Kean-Galeno, T., Lopez-Arredondo, D. and Herrera-Estrella, L. (2024). The shoot apical meristem: An evolutionary molding of higher plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25: doi:10.3390/ijms25031519.
Kebrom, T. H. (2017). A growing stem inhibits bud outgrowth-the overlooked theory of apical dominance. Front. Plant Sci. 8: doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01874.
Khan, M. A., Hussain, M. and Raza, A. (2020). Effect of apical bud removal on growth and yield of sesame. J. Agron. Res. 3: 45-52.
Langham, D. R., Riney, J., Aubin, J., Peeper, D., Speed, T., Smith, G. and Wiemers, T. (2010). Sesame harvest guide. Sesaco Corporation, USA.
Li, C., Barclay, H., Roitberg, B. R. and Lalonde, R. (2021). Ecology and prediction of compensatory growth: from theory to application in forestry. Front. Plant Sci. 12: doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.655417.
Lopez, G., Ahmadi, S. H., Amelung, W., Athmann, M. A., Ewert, F., Gaiser, T., Kautz, T., Postma, J., Rachmilevitch, S., Schaaf, G., Watt, M., Yu, P. and Seidel, S. J. (2023). Nutrient deficiency effects on root architecture and root-to-shoot ratio in arable crops. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1067498.
Lukurugu, G. A., Nzunda, J., Kidunda, B. R., Chilala, R., Ngamba, Z. S., Minja, A. and Kapinga, F. A. (2023). Sesame production constraints, variety traits preference in the Southeastern Tanzania: Implication for genetic improvement. J. Agric. Food Res. 14: doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100665.
Luo, Z., Janssen, B. J. and Snowden, K. C. (2021). The molecular and genetic regulation of shoot branching. Plant Physiol. 187: doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiab071.
Madhumala, K., Kumar, V. and Kumar, K. (2024). Physiology and mechanism of pruning in fruit crops. Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res. 8: 443-445.
Marini, R. P. (2024). Physiology of pruning fruit trees. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech., USA.
Mourad, K. A., Othman, Y. I. M., Kandeel, D. M. and Abdelghany, M. (2025). Assessing the drought tolerance of some sesame genotypes using agro-morphological, physiological, and drought tolerance indices. BMC Plant Biol. 25: doi:10.1186/ s12870-025-06235-0.
Oplinger, E. S., Putnam, D. H., Kaminski, A. R., Hanson, C. V., Oelke, E. A. and Doll, J. D. (1990). Sesame. Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Wisconsin‑Madison, USA.
Noutchie, S. O., Mafatle, N. E., Mbroh, N. A. and Kubayi, D. (2025). A mathematical model for insect-crop dynamics: optimizing control via pesticides and biological agents. J. Anal. Appl. 23: 19-31
Pierik, R., Fankhauser, C., Strader, L. C. and Sinha, N. (2021). Architecture and plasticity: Optimizing plant performance in dynamic environments. Plant Physiol. 187: 1029-32
Pineda, M., Yu, B. Y., Tian, Y., Morante, N. M., Salazar, S., Hyde, P. T., Setter, T. L. and Ceballos, H. (2020). Effect of pruning young branches on fruit and seed set in cassava. Front. Plant Sci. 11: doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.01107.
Pragatheeswaran, M., Thavaprakaash, N., Harisudan, C., Umarani, R., Kavitha, R. and Baskar, M. (2025). Valuating productivity and energy use efficiency in mechanized sesame cultivation. Plant Sci. Today 12: 1-13.
Rahman, Z. U., Ahmad, N., Ahmad, A., Din, H. U. and Amin, F. (2023). Assessing the adaptability of newly introduced sesame varieties. Pak. J. For. 73: 1-5.
Rasche, L. and Taylor, R. A. (2019). EPIC‐GILSYM: Modelling crop‐pest insect interactions and management with a novel coupled crop‐insect model. J. Appl. Ecol. 56: 2045-56
Rauf, S., Basharat, T., Gebeyehu, A., Elsafy, M., Rahmatov, M., Ortiz, R. and Kaya, Y. (2024). Sesame, an underutilized oil seed crop: Breeding achievements and future challenges. Plants 13: doi:10.3390/plants13182662.
Raveendran, G., Narayanan, R., Sul, J.-H. and Trotter, T. (2025). A comprehensive systematic review of precision planting mechanisation for sesame: Agronomic challenges, technological advances, and integration of simulation-based optimisation. AgriEngineering 7: doi:10.3390/agriengineering7090309.
Robinson, D. (2022). OPT-ing out: Root-shoot dynamics are caused by local resource capture and biomass allocation, not optimal partitioning. Plant Cell Environ. 46: 445-59
Rosado-Souza, L., Yokoyama, R., Sonnewald, U. and Fernie, A. R. (2023). Understanding source-sink interactions: Progress in model plants and translational research to crops. Mol. Plant 16: 96-121.
Seadh, S. E., Badawi, M. A., El‑Abady, M. I. and El‑Saidy, A. E. (2007). How varieties and harvesting dates of sesame affect seed yield and quality. J. Soil Sci. Agric. Eng. 32: doi:10.21608/jssae.2007.201811.
Sintim, H. O. and Yeboah‑Badu, V. I. (2010). Evaluation of sesame production in Ghana. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 6: 653-62.
Sintim, H. O., Ayarna, A. W., Dickson, D. and Bukari, M. (2026). The resilience status of the sesame plant against weeds and insects. Adv. Agric. 2026: doi:10.1155/aia/6695102.
Smith, M. R., Rao, I. M. and Merchant, A. (2018). Source-sink relationships in crop plants and their influence on yield development and nutritional quality. Front. Plant Sci. 9: doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01889.
Taylor, C. L. (1981). Sesame seed harvester. U.S. Patent No. 4,266,393.
Teklu, D. H., Shimelis, H. and Abady, S. (2022). Genetic improvement in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): Progress and outlook: A review. Agronomy 12: doi:10. 3390/agronomy12092144.
Topcon Precision Agriculture. (2025). Boom height control systems and precision crop management technologies.
Torres, P., Oronia, S., Sheriff, O. and Kesoju, S. R. (2023). Effect of terminal bud clipping on growth and yield of soybean cultivars in the Pacific Northwest. Agrosyst. Geosci. Environ. 6: doi:10.1002/agg2.20342.
Wang, C., Niu, J., Miao, H., Li, C., Duan, Y., Ju, M., Cao, H., Wei, L., Wang, H. and Zhang, H. (2024a). Genetic variation, correlation, and association mapping of seed yield and its component traits in sesame. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 71: 603-19
Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Liu, X., Chen, J. and Li, Y. (2024b). Genetic improvement of yield-related traits and branching architecture in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Front. Plant Sci. 15: doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1364587.
Xue, Z., Liu, L. and Zhang, C. (2020). Regulation of shoot apical meristem and axillary meristem development in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21: doi:10.3390/ijms21082917.
Yadav, R., Kalia, S., Rangan, P., Pradheep, K., Rao, G. P., Kaur, V., Pandey, R., Rai, V., Vasimalla, C. C., Langyan, S. and Sharma, S. (2022). Current research trends and prospects for yield and quality improvement in sesame, an important oilseed crop. Front. Plant Sci. 13: doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.863521.
