Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology 105 : 121-126.
Ahmad, S., Kamran, M., Ding, R., Meng, X., Wang, H., Ahmad, I. and Han, Q. (2019). Exogenous melatonin confers drought stress by promoting plant growth, photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant defense system of maize seedlings. Peer J. 7793.
Antoniou, C., Chatzimichail, G., Xenofontos, R., Pavlou, J. J., Panagiotou, E., Christou, A. and Fotopoulos, V. (2017). Melatonin systemically ameliorates drought stress-induced damage in Medicago sativa plants by modulating in nitro‐oxidative homeostasis and proline metabolism. J. Pineal Res. 62 : e12401.
Arnao, M. B. and Hernández-Ruiz, J. (2019). Melatonin : A new plant hormone and/or a plant master regulator? Trends in Plant Sci. 24 : 38-48.
Arnao, M. B. and Hernández-Ruiz, J. (2021). Melatonin as a plant biostimulant in crops and during post-harvest : A new approach is needed. J. Sci. Food and Agric. 101 : 5297-5304.
Ashraf, M. and Iram, A. (2005). Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora–Morphology, Distribution and Functional Ecology of Plants. 200 : 535-546.
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P. and Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39 : 205-07.
Cheng, Z., Targolli, J., Huang, X. and Wu, R. (2002). Wheat LEA genes, PMA80 and PMA1959, enhance dehydration tolerance of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular Breed. 10 : 71-82.
Cherono, S., Ntini, C., Wassie, M., Mollah, M. D., Belal, M. A., Ogutu, C. and Han, Y. (2021). Exogenous application of melatonin improves drought tolerance in coffee by regulating photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative damage. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 146 : 24-32.
Cui, G., Zhao, X., Liu, S., Sun, F., Zhang, C. and Xi, Y. (2017). Beneficial effects of melatonin in overcoming drought stress in wheat seedlings. Plant Physiol. and Biochem. 118 : 138-49.
Dhindsa, R. S. and Matowe, W. (1981). Drought tolerance in two mosses : Correlated with enzymatic defence against lipid peroxidation. J. Exptl. Bot. 32 : 79-91.
Ding, F., Wang, G. and Zhang, S. (2018). Exogenous melatonin mitigates methyl viologen-triggered oxidative stress in poplar leaf. Molecules 23 : 2852.
Dionisio-Sese, M. L. and Tobita, S. (1998). Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Sci. 135 : 1-9.
Dubbels, R., Reiter, R. J., Klenke, E., Goebel, A., Schnakenberg, E. and Ehlers, C. (1995). Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J. Pineal Res. 18 : 28-31.
Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, John Wiley & Sons.
Heath, R. L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts : I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochem. and Biophys. 125 : 189-98.
Hiscox, J. D. and Israelstam, G. F. (1979). A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Can. J. Bot. 57 : 1332-34.
https://www.indiastat.com/data/agriculture/area-under-food-crops/data-year/2021.
Jagtap, D. N., Pawar, P. B., Sutar, M. W., Jadhav, M. S. and Pinjari, S. S. (2018). Response of rice to different fertilizer sources : A mini review. Farm Manage. 3 : 146-52.
Kalita, J., Bhattacharyya, H. C., Thakuriya, R. K., Bhattacharyya, D. and Das, K. (2022). Evaluation of suitable rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems under rainfed medium land situation of Assam for enhancing farmers income and soil health. Crop Res. 57 : 1-7.
Kandel, B. P. and Shrestha, J. (2018). Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm in Nepal : A mini review. Farm. Manage. 3 : 153-59.
Lee, Y. P., Kim, S. H., Bang, J. W., Lee, H. S., Kwak, S. S. and Kwon, S. Y. (2007). Enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress in transgenic tobacco plants expressing three antioxidant enzymes in chloroplasts. Plant Cell Reports. 26 : 591-98.
Liang, D., Ni, Z., Xia, H., Xie, Y., Lv, X., Wang, J. and Luo, X. (2019). Exogenous melatonin promotes biomass accumulation and photosynthesis of kiwifruit seedlings under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae 246 : 34-43.
Ma, X., Jing, Z., Burgess, P., Rossi, S. and Huang, B. (2018). Interactive effects of melatonin and cytokinin on alleviating drought-induced leaf senescence in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Environ. Exptl. Bot. 145 : 1-11.
Naghizadeh, M., Kabiri, R., Hatami, A., Oloumi, H., Nasibi, F. and Tahmasei, Z. (2019). Exogenous application of melatonin mitigates the adverse effects of drought stress on morpho-physiological traits and secondary metabolites in Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica). Physiol. and Mole. Biol. Plants 25 : 881-94.
Nguyen, Q. C., Ngo, T. H. Y. and Vu, T. M. H. (2022). Assessing the potential risks of extreme weather events causing flood hazards for rice cultivation regions in Quang Nam Province. Res. Crop. 23 : 481-87.
Pandey, S. and Bhandari, H. (2009). Drought, coping mechanisms and poverty : Insights from rainfed farming in Asia. IFAD Occasional Papers. 7 : 1-49.
Ray, D. K., Gerber, J. S., MacDonald, G. K. and West, P.C. (2015). Climate variation explains a third of global crop yield variability. Nature Communications 6 : 5989.
Sapakhova, Z., Irkitbay, A., Madenova, A. and Suleimanova, G. (2022). Mitigation effect of salicylic acid on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress. Res. Crop. 23 : 267-75.
Sharma, A., Wang, J., Xu, D., Tao, S., Chong, S., Yan, D. and Zheng, B. (2020). Melatonin regulates the functional components of photosynthesis, antioxidant system, gene expression and metabolic pathways to induce drought resistance in grafted Carya cathayensis plants. Sci. Total Environ. 713 : 136675.
Sharma, P. and Dubey, R. S. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian J. Plant Physiol. 17 : 35-52.
Singh, A., Berad, P., Khafke, K., Warke, R. and Simon, S. (2022). Effect of organic products on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa). Crop Res. 57 : 217-22.
Su, X., Fan, X., Shao, R., Guo, J., Wang, Y., Yang, J. and Guo, L. (2019). Physiological and iTRAQ-based proteomic analyses reveal that melatonin alleviates oxidative damage in maize leaves exposed to drought stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 142 : 263-274.
Sunohara, Y. and Matsumoto, H. (2004). Oxidative injury induced by the herbicide quinclorac on Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and the involvement of antioxidative ability in its highly selective action in grass species. Plant Sci. 167 : 597-606.
Turk, H., Erdal, S., Genisel, M., Atici, O., Demir, Y. and Yanmis, D. (2014). The regulatory effect of melatonin on physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters in cold-stressed wheat seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation 74 : 139-52.
Turner, N. C. (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant and Soil 58 : 339-66.
Wang, L.Y., Liu, J. L., Wang, W. X. and Sun, Y. (2016). Exogenous melatonin improves growth and photosynthetic capacity of cucumber under salinity-induced stress. Photosynthetica 54 : 19-27.
Ye, J., Wang, S., Deng, X., Yin, L., Xiong, B. and Wang, X. (2016). Melatonin increased maize (Zea mays L.) seedling drought tolerance by alleviating drought-induced photosynthetic inhibition and oxidative damage. Acta Physiolo. Plant. 38 : 48.
Yordanov, I., Velikova, V. and Tsonev, T. (2000). Plant responses to drought, acclimation and stress tolerance. Photosynthetica 38 : 171-86.
Zaefyzadeh, M., Quliyev, R. A., Babayeva, S. M. and Abbasov, M. A. (2009). The effect of the interaction between genotypes and drought stress on the superoxide dismutase and chlorophyll content in durum wheat landraces. Turkish J. Biol. 33 : 1-7.
Zhang, N., Zhang, H. J., Zhao, B., Sun, Q. Q., Cao, Y. Y., Li, R., Wu, X. X., Weeda, S., Li, L., Ren, S. and Reiter, R. J. (2014). The RNA‐seq approach to discriminate gene expression profiles in response to melatonin on cucumber lateral root formation. J. Pineal Res. 56 : 39-50.
Ahmad, S., Kamran, M., Ding, R., Meng, X., Wang, H., Ahmad, I. and Han, Q. (2019). Exogenous melatonin confers drought stress by promoting plant growth, photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant defense system of maize seedlings. Peer J. 7793.
Antoniou, C., Chatzimichail, G., Xenofontos, R., Pavlou, J. J., Panagiotou, E., Christou, A. and Fotopoulos, V. (2017). Melatonin systemically ameliorates drought stress-induced damage in Medicago sativa plants by modulating in nitro‐oxidative homeostasis and proline metabolism. J. Pineal Res. 62 : e12401.
Arnao, M. B. and Hernández-Ruiz, J. (2019). Melatonin : A new plant hormone and/or a plant master regulator? Trends in Plant Sci. 24 : 38-48.
Arnao, M. B. and Hernández-Ruiz, J. (2021). Melatonin as a plant biostimulant in crops and during post-harvest : A new approach is needed. J. Sci. Food and Agric. 101 : 5297-5304.
Ashraf, M. and Iram, A. (2005). Drought stress induced changes in some organic substances in nodules and other plant parts of two potential legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora–Morphology, Distribution and Functional Ecology of Plants. 200 : 535-546.
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P. and Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39 : 205-07.
Cheng, Z., Targolli, J., Huang, X. and Wu, R. (2002). Wheat LEA genes, PMA80 and PMA1959, enhance dehydration tolerance of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular Breed. 10 : 71-82.
Cherono, S., Ntini, C., Wassie, M., Mollah, M. D., Belal, M. A., Ogutu, C. and Han, Y. (2021). Exogenous application of melatonin improves drought tolerance in coffee by regulating photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative damage. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 146 : 24-32.
Cui, G., Zhao, X., Liu, S., Sun, F., Zhang, C. and Xi, Y. (2017). Beneficial effects of melatonin in overcoming drought stress in wheat seedlings. Plant Physiol. and Biochem. 118 : 138-49.
Dhindsa, R. S. and Matowe, W. (1981). Drought tolerance in two mosses : Correlated with enzymatic defence against lipid peroxidation. J. Exptl. Bot. 32 : 79-91.
Ding, F., Wang, G. and Zhang, S. (2018). Exogenous melatonin mitigates methyl viologen-triggered oxidative stress in poplar leaf. Molecules 23 : 2852.
Dionisio-Sese, M. L. and Tobita, S. (1998). Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Sci. 135 : 1-9.
Dubbels, R., Reiter, R. J., Klenke, E., Goebel, A., Schnakenberg, E. and Ehlers, C. (1995). Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J. Pineal Res. 18 : 28-31.
Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, John Wiley & Sons.
Heath, R. L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts : I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochem. and Biophys. 125 : 189-98.
Hiscox, J. D. and Israelstam, G. F. (1979). A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Can. J. Bot. 57 : 1332-34.
https://www.indiastat.com/data/agriculture/area-under-food-crops/data-year/2021.
Jagtap, D. N., Pawar, P. B., Sutar, M. W., Jadhav, M. S. and Pinjari, S. S. (2018). Response of rice to different fertilizer sources : A mini review. Farm Manage. 3 : 146-52.
Kalita, J., Bhattacharyya, H. C., Thakuriya, R. K., Bhattacharyya, D. and Das, K. (2022). Evaluation of suitable rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems under rainfed medium land situation of Assam for enhancing farmers income and soil health. Crop Res. 57 : 1-7.
Kandel, B. P. and Shrestha, J. (2018). Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm in Nepal : A mini review. Farm. Manage. 3 : 153-59.
Lee, Y. P., Kim, S. H., Bang, J. W., Lee, H. S., Kwak, S. S. and Kwon, S. Y. (2007). Enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress in transgenic tobacco plants expressing three antioxidant enzymes in chloroplasts. Plant Cell Reports. 26 : 591-98.
Liang, D., Ni, Z., Xia, H., Xie, Y., Lv, X., Wang, J. and Luo, X. (2019). Exogenous melatonin promotes biomass accumulation and photosynthesis of kiwifruit seedlings under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae 246 : 34-43.
Ma, X., Jing, Z., Burgess, P., Rossi, S. and Huang, B. (2018). Interactive effects of melatonin and cytokinin on alleviating drought-induced leaf senescence in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Environ. Exptl. Bot. 145 : 1-11.
Naghizadeh, M., Kabiri, R., Hatami, A., Oloumi, H., Nasibi, F. and Tahmasei, Z. (2019). Exogenous application of melatonin mitigates the adverse effects of drought stress on morpho-physiological traits and secondary metabolites in Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica). Physiol. and Mole. Biol. Plants 25 : 881-94.
Nguyen, Q. C., Ngo, T. H. Y. and Vu, T. M. H. (2022). Assessing the potential risks of extreme weather events causing flood hazards for rice cultivation regions in Quang Nam Province. Res. Crop. 23 : 481-87.
Pandey, S. and Bhandari, H. (2009). Drought, coping mechanisms and poverty : Insights from rainfed farming in Asia. IFAD Occasional Papers. 7 : 1-49.
Ray, D. K., Gerber, J. S., MacDonald, G. K. and West, P.C. (2015). Climate variation explains a third of global crop yield variability. Nature Communications 6 : 5989.
Sapakhova, Z., Irkitbay, A., Madenova, A. and Suleimanova, G. (2022). Mitigation effect of salicylic acid on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress. Res. Crop. 23 : 267-75.
Sharma, A., Wang, J., Xu, D., Tao, S., Chong, S., Yan, D. and Zheng, B. (2020). Melatonin regulates the functional components of photosynthesis, antioxidant system, gene expression and metabolic pathways to induce drought resistance in grafted Carya cathayensis plants. Sci. Total Environ. 713 : 136675.
Sharma, P. and Dubey, R. S. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian J. Plant Physiol. 17 : 35-52.
Singh, A., Berad, P., Khafke, K., Warke, R. and Simon, S. (2022). Effect of organic products on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa). Crop Res. 57 : 217-22.
Su, X., Fan, X., Shao, R., Guo, J., Wang, Y., Yang, J. and Guo, L. (2019). Physiological and iTRAQ-based proteomic analyses reveal that melatonin alleviates oxidative damage in maize leaves exposed to drought stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 142 : 263-274.
Sunohara, Y. and Matsumoto, H. (2004). Oxidative injury induced by the herbicide quinclorac on Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing. and the involvement of antioxidative ability in its highly selective action in grass species. Plant Sci. 167 : 597-606.
Turk, H., Erdal, S., Genisel, M., Atici, O., Demir, Y. and Yanmis, D. (2014). The regulatory effect of melatonin on physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters in cold-stressed wheat seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation 74 : 139-52.
Turner, N. C. (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant and Soil 58 : 339-66.
Wang, L.Y., Liu, J. L., Wang, W. X. and Sun, Y. (2016). Exogenous melatonin improves growth and photosynthetic capacity of cucumber under salinity-induced stress. Photosynthetica 54 : 19-27.
Ye, J., Wang, S., Deng, X., Yin, L., Xiong, B. and Wang, X. (2016). Melatonin increased maize (Zea mays L.) seedling drought tolerance by alleviating drought-induced photosynthetic inhibition and oxidative damage. Acta Physiolo. Plant. 38 : 48.
Yordanov, I., Velikova, V. and Tsonev, T. (2000). Plant responses to drought, acclimation and stress tolerance. Photosynthetica 38 : 171-86.
Zaefyzadeh, M., Quliyev, R. A., Babayeva, S. M. and Abbasov, M. A. (2009). The effect of the interaction between genotypes and drought stress on the superoxide dismutase and chlorophyll content in durum wheat landraces. Turkish J. Biol. 33 : 1-7.
Zhang, N., Zhang, H. J., Zhao, B., Sun, Q. Q., Cao, Y. Y., Li, R., Wu, X. X., Weeda, S., Li, L., Ren, S. and Reiter, R. J. (2014). The RNA‐seq approach to discriminate gene expression profiles in response to melatonin on cucumber lateral root formation. J. Pineal Res. 56 : 39-50.
