Alarcón-Flores, M. I., Romero-González, R., Vidal, J. L. M. and Frenich, A. G. (2013). Multiclass determination of phytochemicals in vegetables and fruits by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 141: 1120-129.
Azeez, L., Lateef, A. and Adebisi, S. A. (2017). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using pod extract of Cola nitida enhances antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of Amaranthus caudatus Linn. Appl. Nanosc. 7: 59-66.
Bala, A., Kar, B., Haldar, P. K., Mazumder, U. K. and Bera, S. (2010). Evaluation of anticancer activity of Cleome gynandra on Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma treated mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 129: 131-34.
Barolo, M. I., Mostacero, N. R. and López, S. N. (2014). Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): An ancient source of food and health. Food Chem. 164: 119-27.
Bian, Z. H., Yang, Q. C. and Liu, W. K. (2015). Effects of light quality on the accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetables produced in controlled environments: A review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95: 869-77.
DAAF (2010). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Cleome gynandra Production Guideline. DAFF: Pretoria, South Africa.
Das, J. K., Saikia, K., Handique, G. K. and Handique, A. K. (2021). Nutritive values and dietary antioxidant of some under-utilized seeds and nuts from ethnic sources of North East India. Crop Res. 56: 60-66.
Escobar-Bravo, R., Klinkhamer, P. G. and Leiss, K. A. (2017). Interactive effects of UV-B light with abiotic factors on plant growth and chemistry, and their consequences for defense against arthropod herbivores. Front. Plant Sci. 8: doi.org/10.3389/ fpls.2017.00278.
Gobbo-Neto, L. and Lopes, N. P. (2007). Medicinal plants: Factors on the content of secondary metabolites. Quim. Nova. 30: 374-81.
Gobbo-Neto, L., Bauermeister, A., Sakamoto, H. T., Gouvea, D. R., Lopes, J. L. C. and Lopes, N.P. (2017). Spatial and temporal variations in secondary metabolites content of the Brazilian arnica leaves (Lychnophora ericoides Mart., Asteraceae). J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 28: 2382-390.
Gololo, S. S. (2018). Potential Adverse Effects of Alteration of Phytochemical Accumulation in Fruits and Vegetables. In: Phytochemicals: Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention (Eds. Asao, T. and Asaduzzaman, M.). BoD – Books on Demand. London, UK.
Goyal, S., Lambert, C., Cluzet, S., Merillon, J. M. and Ramawat, K. G. (2012). Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defense. In: Plant defence: Biological Control (Eds. Mérillon, J. M. and Ramawat, K. G.). Springer, Dordrecht. Pp. 109-38.
Grace, S. C. and Logan, B. A. (2000). Energy dissipation and radical scavenging by the plant phenylpropanoid pathway. Series B: Proc. Biol. Sci. 355: 1499-510.
Heil, M., Baumann, B., Andary, C., Linsenmair, E. K. and McKey, D. (2002). Extraction and quantification of “condensed tannins" as a measure of plant anti-herbivore defence? Revisiting an old problem. Sci. Nat. 89: 519-24.
Hendriks, H., Bos, R. and Woerdenbag, H. J. (1996). The essential oil of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz‐Bip. Flavour Fragr. J. 11: 367-71.
Jimoh, M. O., Afolayan, A. J. and Lewu, F. B. (2019). Antioxidant and phytochemical activities of Amaranthus caudatus L. harvested from different soils at various growth stages. Sci. Rep. 9: 1-14.
Jorgensen, R. (1994). The Genetic Origins of Biosynthesis and Light-Responsive Control of the Chemical UV Screen of Land Plants. In: Recent Advances in Phytochemistry (Eds. Ellis, B. E., Kuroki, G. W. and Stafford, H. A.). Springer, Boston, USA. Pp. 179-92.
Karamać, M., Gai, F., Longato, E., Meineri, G., Janiak, M. A., Amarowicz, R. and Peiretti, P. G. (2019). Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) during plant growth. Antioxidants 8: doi: 10.3390/antiox8060173.
Kasolo, W., Chemining’wa, G., and Temu, A. (2018). Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) for Improved Food Security and Resilience to Climate Change: A Contextualized Learning Manual for African Colleges and Universities. The African Network for Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural Resources Education (ANAFE), Nairobi.
Kermiche, F., Boulekbache–Makhlouf, L., Félix, M., Harkat-Madouri, L., Remini, H., Madani, K. and Romero, A. (2018). Effects of the incorporation of cantaloupe pulp in yogurt: Physicochemical, phytochemical and rheological properties. Food Sci. Technol.
Int. 24: 585-97.
Khandaker, L., Ali, M. B. and Oba, S. (2008). Total polyphenol and antioxidant activity of red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) as affected by different sunlight level. J. Japan. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 77: 395-401.
Kirigia, D., Winkelmann, T., Kasili, R. and Mibus, H. (2019). Nutritional composition in African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) influenced by harvesting methods, age and storage conditions. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 153: 142-51.
Kwenin, W. K. J., Wolli, M. and Dzomeku, B. M. (2011). Assessing the nutritional value of some African indigenous green leafy vegetables in Ghana. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 10: 1300-305.
Liu, J., Yin, D. and Zhao, X. (2015). Influence of ecological factors on the production of active substances in the anti-cancer plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) TS Ying. PLOS One. 10: doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122981.
Liu, R. H. (2004). Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J. Nutr. 134: 3479S-485S.
Lu, Y., Wu, N., Fang, Y., Shaheen, N. and Wei, Y. (2017). An automatic on-line 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-high performance liquid chromatography method for high-throughput screening of antioxidants from natural products. J. Chromatogr. A. 1521: 100-09.
Makkar, H. P. S. (2000). Quantification of Tannins in Tree Foliage. A Laboratory Manual. FAO/ IAEA Working Document: Vienna, Austria.
Mazid, M., Khan, T. A. and Mohammad, F. (2011). Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biol. Med. 3: 232-49.
Mbaebie, B. O., Edeoga, H. O. and Afolayan, A. J. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidants activities of aqueous stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2: 118-24.
Ncube, B., Baskaran, P. and Van Staden. J. (2015). Transition from in vitro to an ex vitro environment: is the metabolism altered? In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant. 5: 166-73.
Proteggente, A. R., Pannala, A. S., Paganga, G., Buren, L.V., Wagner, E., Wiseman, S., Put, F. V. D., Dacombe, C. and Rice-Evans, C. A. (2002). The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Radic. Res. 36: 217-33.
Ramani, S. and Jayabaskaran, C. (2008). Enhanced catharanthine and vindoline production in suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus by ultraviolet-B light. J. Mol. Signal. 3: 1-6.
Ramphele, M. E., Maila, M. Y. and Mphosi, M. S. (2020). Optimisation of harvesting time and proanthocyanidins concentration in Cleome gynandra: An African indigenous leafy vegetable. Res. Crops. 21: 574-78.
Riipi, M., Ossipov, V., Lempa, K., Haukioja, E., Koricheva, J., Ossipova, S. and Pihlaja, K. (2002). Seasonal changes in birch leaf chemistry: are there trade-offs between leaf growth and accumulation of phenolics? Oecologia. 130: 380-90.
Rinchen, T., Singh, N., Maurya, S. B. and Kant, A. (2019). Mineral content estimation in Atriplex hortensis L., an indigenous vegetable of Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh, India. Res. Crop. 20: 135-40.
Scalzo, J., Politi, A., Pellegrini, N., Mezzetti, B. and Battino, M. (2005). Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fruit. Nutrition 21: 207-13.
Schreiner, M. and Huyskens-Keil, S. (2006). Phytochemicals in fruit and vegetables: health promotion and postharvest elicitors. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 25: 267-78.
Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K. and Nakamura, T. (1992). Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40: 945-48.
Shraim, A. M., Ahmed, T. A., Rahman, M. M. and Hijji, Y. M. (2021). Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: A critical evaluation. LWT. 150: doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111932.
Smirnoff, N. and Wheeler, G. L. (2000). Ascorbic acid in plants: biosynthesis and function. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 19: 267-90.
Sowunmi, L. I. and Afolayan, A. J. (2015). Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of acetone extract of Cleome gynandra (L.) growing in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 12:1-8.
Stangeland, T., Remberg, S. F. and Lye, K. A. (2009). Total antioxidant activity in 35 Ugandan fruits and vegetables. Food Chem. 113: 85-91.
Van Rensburg, W. J., Van Averbeke, W., Slabbert, R., Faber, M., Van Jaarsveld, P., Van Heerden, I., Wenhold, F. and Oelofse, A. (2007). African leafy vegetables in South Africa. Water. SA 33: 317-26.
Waterman, P. G. and Mole, S. (1994). Analysis of Phenolic Plant Metabolites. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. United Kingdom.
Winston, D. (2019). Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief. Simon and Schuster. Rochester, United States.
Yahia, E. M., García-Solís, P. and Celis, M. E. M. (2019). Contribution of Fruits and Vegetables to Human Nutrition and Health. In: Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables (pp. 19-45). Woodhead Publishing, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Pp. 19-45.
Zhang, H., Fang, Q., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y. and Zheng, X. (2009). The role of respiratory burst oxidase homologues in elicitor-induced stomatal closure and hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 3109-122.
Azeez, L., Lateef, A. and Adebisi, S. A. (2017). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using pod extract of Cola nitida enhances antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of Amaranthus caudatus Linn. Appl. Nanosc. 7: 59-66.
Bala, A., Kar, B., Haldar, P. K., Mazumder, U. K. and Bera, S. (2010). Evaluation of anticancer activity of Cleome gynandra on Ehrlich's Ascites Carcinoma treated mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 129: 131-34.
Barolo, M. I., Mostacero, N. R. and López, S. N. (2014). Ficus carica L. (Moraceae): An ancient source of food and health. Food Chem. 164: 119-27.
Bian, Z. H., Yang, Q. C. and Liu, W. K. (2015). Effects of light quality on the accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetables produced in controlled environments: A review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 95: 869-77.
DAAF (2010). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Cleome gynandra Production Guideline. DAFF: Pretoria, South Africa.
Das, J. K., Saikia, K., Handique, G. K. and Handique, A. K. (2021). Nutritive values and dietary antioxidant of some under-utilized seeds and nuts from ethnic sources of North East India. Crop Res. 56: 60-66.
Escobar-Bravo, R., Klinkhamer, P. G. and Leiss, K. A. (2017). Interactive effects of UV-B light with abiotic factors on plant growth and chemistry, and their consequences for defense against arthropod herbivores. Front. Plant Sci. 8: doi.org/10.3389/ fpls.2017.00278.
Gobbo-Neto, L. and Lopes, N. P. (2007). Medicinal plants: Factors on the content of secondary metabolites. Quim. Nova. 30: 374-81.
Gobbo-Neto, L., Bauermeister, A., Sakamoto, H. T., Gouvea, D. R., Lopes, J. L. C. and Lopes, N.P. (2017). Spatial and temporal variations in secondary metabolites content of the Brazilian arnica leaves (Lychnophora ericoides Mart., Asteraceae). J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 28: 2382-390.
Gololo, S. S. (2018). Potential Adverse Effects of Alteration of Phytochemical Accumulation in Fruits and Vegetables. In: Phytochemicals: Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention (Eds. Asao, T. and Asaduzzaman, M.). BoD – Books on Demand. London, UK.
Goyal, S., Lambert, C., Cluzet, S., Merillon, J. M. and Ramawat, K. G. (2012). Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defense. In: Plant defence: Biological Control (Eds. Mérillon, J. M. and Ramawat, K. G.). Springer, Dordrecht. Pp. 109-38.
Grace, S. C. and Logan, B. A. (2000). Energy dissipation and radical scavenging by the plant phenylpropanoid pathway. Series B: Proc. Biol. Sci. 355: 1499-510.
Heil, M., Baumann, B., Andary, C., Linsenmair, E. K. and McKey, D. (2002). Extraction and quantification of “condensed tannins" as a measure of plant anti-herbivore defence? Revisiting an old problem. Sci. Nat. 89: 519-24.
Hendriks, H., Bos, R. and Woerdenbag, H. J. (1996). The essential oil of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz‐Bip. Flavour Fragr. J. 11: 367-71.
Jimoh, M. O., Afolayan, A. J. and Lewu, F. B. (2019). Antioxidant and phytochemical activities of Amaranthus caudatus L. harvested from different soils at various growth stages. Sci. Rep. 9: 1-14.
Jorgensen, R. (1994). The Genetic Origins of Biosynthesis and Light-Responsive Control of the Chemical UV Screen of Land Plants. In: Recent Advances in Phytochemistry (Eds. Ellis, B. E., Kuroki, G. W. and Stafford, H. A.). Springer, Boston, USA. Pp. 179-92.
Karamać, M., Gai, F., Longato, E., Meineri, G., Janiak, M. A., Amarowicz, R. and Peiretti, P. G. (2019). Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) during plant growth. Antioxidants 8: doi: 10.3390/antiox8060173.
Kasolo, W., Chemining’wa, G., and Temu, A. (2018). Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) for Improved Food Security and Resilience to Climate Change: A Contextualized Learning Manual for African Colleges and Universities. The African Network for Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural Resources Education (ANAFE), Nairobi.
Kermiche, F., Boulekbache–Makhlouf, L., Félix, M., Harkat-Madouri, L., Remini, H., Madani, K. and Romero, A. (2018). Effects of the incorporation of cantaloupe pulp in yogurt: Physicochemical, phytochemical and rheological properties. Food Sci. Technol.
Int. 24: 585-97.
Khandaker, L., Ali, M. B. and Oba, S. (2008). Total polyphenol and antioxidant activity of red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) as affected by different sunlight level. J. Japan. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 77: 395-401.
Kirigia, D., Winkelmann, T., Kasili, R. and Mibus, H. (2019). Nutritional composition in African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) influenced by harvesting methods, age and storage conditions. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 153: 142-51.
Kwenin, W. K. J., Wolli, M. and Dzomeku, B. M. (2011). Assessing the nutritional value of some African indigenous green leafy vegetables in Ghana. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 10: 1300-305.
Liu, J., Yin, D. and Zhao, X. (2015). Influence of ecological factors on the production of active substances in the anti-cancer plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) TS Ying. PLOS One. 10: doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122981.
Liu, R. H. (2004). Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J. Nutr. 134: 3479S-485S.
Lu, Y., Wu, N., Fang, Y., Shaheen, N. and Wei, Y. (2017). An automatic on-line 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-high performance liquid chromatography method for high-throughput screening of antioxidants from natural products. J. Chromatogr. A. 1521: 100-09.
Makkar, H. P. S. (2000). Quantification of Tannins in Tree Foliage. A Laboratory Manual. FAO/ IAEA Working Document: Vienna, Austria.
Mazid, M., Khan, T. A. and Mohammad, F. (2011). Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biol. Med. 3: 232-49.
Mbaebie, B. O., Edeoga, H. O. and Afolayan, A. J. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidants activities of aqueous stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2: 118-24.
Ncube, B., Baskaran, P. and Van Staden. J. (2015). Transition from in vitro to an ex vitro environment: is the metabolism altered? In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant. 5: 166-73.
Proteggente, A. R., Pannala, A. S., Paganga, G., Buren, L.V., Wagner, E., Wiseman, S., Put, F. V. D., Dacombe, C. and Rice-Evans, C. A. (2002). The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Radic. Res. 36: 217-33.
Ramani, S. and Jayabaskaran, C. (2008). Enhanced catharanthine and vindoline production in suspension cultures of Catharanthus roseus by ultraviolet-B light. J. Mol. Signal. 3: 1-6.
Ramphele, M. E., Maila, M. Y. and Mphosi, M. S. (2020). Optimisation of harvesting time and proanthocyanidins concentration in Cleome gynandra: An African indigenous leafy vegetable. Res. Crops. 21: 574-78.
Riipi, M., Ossipov, V., Lempa, K., Haukioja, E., Koricheva, J., Ossipova, S. and Pihlaja, K. (2002). Seasonal changes in birch leaf chemistry: are there trade-offs between leaf growth and accumulation of phenolics? Oecologia. 130: 380-90.
Rinchen, T., Singh, N., Maurya, S. B. and Kant, A. (2019). Mineral content estimation in Atriplex hortensis L., an indigenous vegetable of Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh, India. Res. Crop. 20: 135-40.
Scalzo, J., Politi, A., Pellegrini, N., Mezzetti, B. and Battino, M. (2005). Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fruit. Nutrition 21: 207-13.
Schreiner, M. and Huyskens-Keil, S. (2006). Phytochemicals in fruit and vegetables: health promotion and postharvest elicitors. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 25: 267-78.
Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K. and Nakamura, T. (1992). Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40: 945-48.
Shraim, A. M., Ahmed, T. A., Rahman, M. M. and Hijji, Y. M. (2021). Determination of total flavonoid content by aluminum chloride assay: A critical evaluation. LWT. 150: doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111932.
Smirnoff, N. and Wheeler, G. L. (2000). Ascorbic acid in plants: biosynthesis and function. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 19: 267-90.
Sowunmi, L. I. and Afolayan, A. J. (2015). Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of acetone extract of Cleome gynandra (L.) growing in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 12:1-8.
Stangeland, T., Remberg, S. F. and Lye, K. A. (2009). Total antioxidant activity in 35 Ugandan fruits and vegetables. Food Chem. 113: 85-91.
Van Rensburg, W. J., Van Averbeke, W., Slabbert, R., Faber, M., Van Jaarsveld, P., Van Heerden, I., Wenhold, F. and Oelofse, A. (2007). African leafy vegetables in South Africa. Water. SA 33: 317-26.
Waterman, P. G. and Mole, S. (1994). Analysis of Phenolic Plant Metabolites. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. United Kingdom.
Winston, D. (2019). Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief. Simon and Schuster. Rochester, United States.
Yahia, E. M., García-Solís, P. and Celis, M. E. M. (2019). Contribution of Fruits and Vegetables to Human Nutrition and Health. In: Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables (pp. 19-45). Woodhead Publishing, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Pp. 19-45.
Zhang, H., Fang, Q., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y. and Zheng, X. (2009). The role of respiratory burst oxidase homologues in elicitor-induced stomatal closure and hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. J. Exp. Bot. 60: 3109-122.
