Abstract

The present paper makes a review on different aspects of seed physiology and seedling establishment of paddy. The crop growing conditions differ in different countries. Several studies related to the factors affecting seed viability of rice have been directed. Inadequate crop stands are common in dry land farming in India and other countries. Salinity causes a problem in rice growing areas of many countries. Salinity affects crop growth at different stages. Several ameliorative measures are adopted to reduce the salinity problems. Several factors affect stand establishment, among which low and high temperature and salinity are important. Low temperatures affect pollen viability and reproductive development of rice. Ameliorative measures are suggested to reduce salinity effect in rice growth. Genetics and biotechnology of salinity tolerance have been studied with a reasonable success. Besides other factors such as allelopathy, sound, weeds, methanogenesis, heavy metals and micronutrients have great impact on rice productivity.